1933
Dalian, China
9.5mm
"The June 1931 issue of Nippon patē shine listed a total of 12 stores across Manchuria, including Dalian, Mukden, Changchun, and Harbin. As with many other local 9.5mm communities in the mainland, cine clubs in Manchuria seems to have maintained a balance between developing their own local management, and keeping a tight connection with Banno. On the organizational level, the most significant event occurred in the spring of 1933 when Manshū Patē Renmei (Manchurian Pathé League) was established as an umbrella organization that included all of the 9.5mm cine clubs in Manchuria. This association emerged almost exactly a year before the launching of Banno’s Zen Nippon Patē Shine Kyōkai (All Nippon Pathé Cine Association) in April 1934, where Manshū Patē Renmei was transformed to the Manchurian branch of Zen Nippon Patē Shine Kyōkai." - Noriko Morisue, "Filming the Everyday: History, Theory, and Aesthetics of Amateur Cinema in Interwar and Wartime Japan" (Yale University: PhD Dissertation, 2020): 35.
Amateur Cinema